Introduction to Economic Analysis
Fall 2020
Jeffrey Parker, Reed College
Course Calendar and Syllabus
| Monday Class |
Wednesday Class |
Friday Class |
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Introduction to Econ 201 |
Basic concepts of economics Due: Case questions |
Supply and demand Due: Case questions |
|
|
September 7 Labor Day: No class session |
Experiment: Double auction Due: Problem Set #1 |
Elasticity Due: Case questions |
|
|
Applications of the competitive market model Due: Case questions |
Discussion of double-auction experiment Due: Problem Set #2 (Analysis of double auction) |
Modeling household decisions Due: Case questions |
|
|
Price and income changes in the household decision model Due: Case questions |
Consumer choice and demand Due: Problem Set #3 |
Modeling production Due: Case questions (not handed in) |
|
|
Costs and cost functions Due: Case questions (not handed in) |
Profit maximization in competition Due: Problem Set #4 is Dairy Farms case questions |
Analysis of competitive markets Due: Case questions |
|
|
First midterm exam |
Profit maximization and monopoly Due: Case questions |
Applications of monopoly and monopolistic competition Due: Case questions |
|
|
Imperfect competition and oligopoly Due: Case questions |
Oligopoly and game theory Due: Problem Set #5 |
Profit-maximization and factor inputs Due: Case questions |
|
|
Labor markets Due: Case questions |
Capital markets |
General equilibrium Due: Nothing |
|
|
Externalities Due: Case questions |
Public goods Due: Problem Set #6 |
Innovation and Technology |
|
|
Income distribution Due: Case questions |
Introduction to macroeconomics Due: Case questions |
Second midterm exam |
|
|
Measurement in macroeconomics Due: Case questions |
Economic growth Due: Case questions |
Financial system Due: Case questions |
|
|
Aggregate labor market and unemployment Due: Case questions |
Monetary system and inflation Due: Problem Set #7 |
Aggregate demand and supply Due: Case questions |
|
|
November 23 Thanksgiving Break |
November 25 Thanksgiving Break |
November 27 Thanksgiving Break |
|
|
Monetary and fiscal policy Due: Case questions
|
Phillips curve Due: Problem Set #8 |
Great Recession and Financial Crisis Due: Case questions |
|
|
To be determined Due: Nothing |
December 9 Reading period: No class
|
Final Exam will be 9-12 on Tuesday, December 15 |
1. Introduction to Economics
Monday, August 31: Introduction to Econ 201
Syllabus and course expectations. What economics is and what questions it attempts to answer.
No required reading or assignments
Prerecorded lecture
Wednesday, September 2: Essential concepts of economics
Basic concepts of economics: decision-making, scarcity, opportunity cost.
Required reading
- Dasgupta, Partha, Economics: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2007. This short book is available through the Reed Library as an e-book using the link above.
- Goolsbee, Austan, Steven Levitt, and Chad Syverson, Microeconomics, 2nd ed., Worth Publishers, 2016, Chapter 1.
Prerecorded lecture
For more background
- Mankiw, N. Gregory, Principles of Economics, 6th edition, Southwestern, 2012, Chapters 1, 2, and 3. (Hereafter, this text is referred to as "Mankiw Economics." This book combines micro and macroeconomics. The macro section is also published separately as Principles of Macroeconomics. This is the primary text we shall use in the final third of the course. Copies of both the combined text and the macro text are available on reserve.)
Assigned work
- Case of the day: Trust in Everyday Transactions. A few short questions based on ideas in the Dasgupta reading.
- Problem Set #1 is due on Wednesday, September 9.
Friday, September 4: Supply and demand analysis
Introducing supply and demand curves as tools to model the behavior of markets. Determinants of demand and supply. Walrasian (market-clearing) equilibrium. Comparative static analysis of shifts in curves.
Required reading
- Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Sections 2.1 - 2.4.
Prerecorded lecture
For more background
- Mankiw Economics, Chapters 4 and 6.
Assigned work
- Case of the day: Dynamics of oil prices
- Problem Set #1 is due on Wednesday, September 9.
Wednesday, September 9: Double-auction experiment
An experiment to illustrate the interaction of supply and demand in a simple market setting.
No required reading
Prerecorded lecture: Experiment instructions
- Video lecture
- PDF of slides
- URL to log into experiment: http://veconlab.econ.virginia.edu/login.htm
Assigned work
- Problem set #1 is due today.
- Problem set #2 is an experiment report on the double-auction experiment. It is due on Wednesday, September 16. The data from the experiment will be posted by Thursday morning.
Friday, September 11: Elasticity
Concept and measurement of demand and supply elasticity. Determinants of elasticity in short run and long run. Effects of elastic and inelastic supply and demand curves.
Required reading
- Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Sections 2.5 - 2.6.
Prerecorded lecture
- Video of lecture
- PDF of slides
- Links to econgraphs.org pages used
For more background
- Mankiw Economics, Chapter 5.
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Elasticities of Demand for Higher Education. How sensitive is the demand for a Reed education to tuition price? What is the relevant concept of price? How can we estimate the income elasticity of demand?
- Problem Set #2 is due on Wednesday, September 16.
Monday, September 14: Applications of the Competitive Model
Using the supply-demand model to analyze gains from exchange and the effects of price controls and taxes.
Required reading
- Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Chapter 3.
Prerecorded lecture
For more background
- Mankiw Economics, Chapters 7 and 8.
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Counterintuitive Price Behavior of Seasonal Goods. Why are school supplies on sale in August? You will read about and discuss a paper that explores the tendency for sellers to offer discounts at times when demand is high.
- Problem Set #2 is due on Wednesday, September 16.
Wednesday, September 16: Discussion of Double-Auction Experiment
Discussion and analysis of experiment performed last week.
Required reading
- None.
Assigned work
- Problem Set #2 is due today at the beginning of class.
2. Household Behavior and Product Demand
Friday, September 18: Modeling consumer behavior
Basic approach to consumer decision modeling. Indifference maps as representation of consumer preferences. Budget constraints as representation of consumer opportunity sets. Utility maximization.
Required reading
- Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Chapter 4.
Prerecorded lecture
- Video of lecture
- PDF of slides
- Econgraphs.org links
- https://www.econgraphs.org/graphs/micro/consumer_theory/budget_set/bundles
- https://www.econgraphs.org/graphs/micro/consumer_theory/preferences_and_utility/cobb_douglas_utility_3d
- https://www.econgraphs.org/graphs/micro/consumer_theory/indifference_curves_math?textbook=varian
- https://www.econgraphs.org/graphs/micro/consumer_theory/indifference_curves?textbook=varian
- https://www.econgraphs.org/graphs/micro/consumer_theory/budget_set/budget_set_affordability
For more background
- Mankiw Economics, Chapter 21.
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Measuring Utility. This case is based on the study examined on page 115 of Goolsbie's Chapter 4.
- Problem Set #3 is due on Wednesday, September 23.
Monday, September 21: Effects of income and price changes on consumers
How income changes and price changes affect the consumption of goods. Decomposing the effects of a price change into the income and substitution effects.Required reading
-
Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Chapter 5.
Prerecorded lecture
- Video of lecture
- PDF with slides
- Links to econgraph.org
For more background
- Mankiw Economics, Chapter 21.
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: British Columbia's Carbon Tax. An analysis of how the revenue-neutral tax on carbon fuels affected consumers' budget constraints.
- Problem Set #3 is due on Wednesday, September 23.
Wednesday, September 23: Individual and market demand curves
Aggregating individual demand curves to find market demand.
Required reading
- Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Chapter 5 (continued).
Prerecorded lecture
- Video of lecture
- PDF with slides
- Econgraphs.org links
Assigned work
- Problem Set #3 is due today before class time.
3. Firms, Production, and the Supply of Products
Friday, September 25: Modeling Production Technology
The firm as producer of goods and services. Using the production function to represent production technology. Marginal product and diminishing returns. Returns to scale.
Required reading
-
Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Chapter 6.
Prerecorded lecture
- LONGER THAN USUAL Video of lecture
- PDF with slides
- econgraphs.org links
For more background
- Mankiw Economics, Chapter 13.
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Costs and Competition in Dairy Farming. A detailed quantitative analysis of some data on dairy farms in the 1960s. You don't need to submit questions today, but bring them to class.
- Problem Set #4 consists of two days worth of accumulated case questions on the dairy farm case. It is due on Wednesday, September 30.
Monday, September 28: Costs and Cost Functions
Various cost concepts: total cost, variable cost, average cost, marginal cost. Relationship of cost to output and inputs in short run and long run. Cost functions and production functions.
Required reading
-
Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Chapter 7.
Prerecorded lecture
- Video of lecture
- PDF with slides
- econgraphs.org site used:
For more background
- Mankiw Economics, Chapter 13.
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Continuing discussion of dairy farming case. Again, no submission is required today.
- Problem Set #4 is the dairy farms questions from the last two cases, due on Wednesday, September 30.
Wednesday, September 30: Profit Maximization in Perfect Competition
Economic and accounting profits. Profit maximization as an objective. Conditions necessary for perfect competition. Demand, marginal revenue, and cost curves for a competitive firm. Shut-down and profit-maximization rules in the short-run.
Required reading
-
Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Sections 8.1 - 8.3.
Prerecorded lecture
- Video of lecture
- PDF with slides
- https://www.econgraphs.org/graphs/micro/market_structures/profit_max_base?textbook=default
For more background
- Mankiw Economics, Chapter 14.
Assigned work
- Problem Set #4 is the two sets of case questions on the dairy farms case, and is due today in class.
Friday, October 2: Competitive Equilibrium in the Short Run and the Long Run
Entry, exit, and scale of production in long-run equilibrium.
Required reading
-
Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Sections 8-4 - 8.6.
Prerecorded lecture
For more background
- Mankiw Economics, Chapter 14.
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: The Washington Sales Tax and Interstate Competition in Retail Trade. Brief reading based on a Reed senior thesis with a few questions to answer.
Monday, October 5: Mid-Term Exam #1
The first of two mid-term exams will be held today at class time. It will be closed-book and cover all material discussed to date in the course.
Wednesday, October 7: Market Power and Monopoly
Why monopolies arise. Demand and marginal revenue for a monopoly. Profit maximization.
Required reading
- Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Chapter 9.
Prerecorded lecture
- Video of lecture
- PDF with slides
- Econgraphs.org sites:
For more background
- Mankiw Economics, Chapter 15.
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: The New York City Ice Trust. A short reading and a few questions.
Friday, October 9: Applications of Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition
Efficiency costs of monopoly. Antitrust laws. Price discrimination. Entry of producers of substitutes under monopolistic competition.
Required reading
- Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Chapter 10.
Prerecorded lecture
For more background
- Mankiw Economics, Chapter 16.
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Price Discrimination in Higher Education
- Problem Set #5 is due on Wednesday, October 14.
Monday, October 12: Imperfect Competition and Oligopoly
Characteristics of oligopoly. Collusion, Bertrand, Stackelberg, and Cournot equilibria.
Required reading
- Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Chapter 11.
Prerecorded lecture
For more background
- Mankiw Economics, Chapter 17.
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: The Global Lysine Price-Fixing Conspiracy of 1992-95. A reading discussion a famous price-fixing case with a few questions to answer.
- Problem Set #5 is due on Wednesday, October 14.
Wednesday, October 14: Game Theory and Strategic Interaction
Basic concepts of game theory.
Required reading
-
Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Chapter 12.
Prerecorded lecture
Assigned work
- Problem Set #5 is due today
Friday, October 16: Demand for Factor Inputs
Profit maximization on the input side of the firm. Marginal product, marginal revenue product, and the demand for factors. Factor-market equilibrium under competition.
Required reading
- Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Chapter 13.
- Mankiw, Economics, Chapter 18.
Prerecorded lecture
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Dairy Farming from the Input Side
- Economic Naturalist assignment is due on Wednesday, October 21.
Monday, October 19: Labor Markets
Supply of labor. Effects of unions. Equilibrium wages and the characteristics of workers and jobs.
Required reading
- Mankiw, Economics, Chapters 18 and 19.
Rerecorded lecture
- Video lecture (longer than usual)
- PDF with slides
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: The Education Premium in Wages
- Economic Naturalist Assignment is due on Wednesday
Wednesday, October 21: Capital Markets
Discounting future receipts and payments. Net present value. Markets for borrowing and lending and the equilibrium interest rate. Decision-making under uncertainty. Risk and interest rates.
Required reading
-
Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Chapter 14.
Prerecorded lecture
- Video lecture (again, quite long)
- PDF with slides
- https://www.econgraphs.org/graphs/micro/exchange/risk_aversion/ec_vs_eu_vs_uec
Assigned work
- Economic Naturalist assignment is due today.
- Problem set #6 is due on Wednesday, October 28.
Friday, October 23: General Equilibrium and Efficiency (no conference)
Efficiency implications of simultaneous general equilibrium in competitive product and factor markets.
Required reading
-
Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Chapter 15.
Prerecorded lecture
- Video lecture
- PDF with slides
- Econgraphs.org sites:
- https://www.econgraphs.org/graphs/micro/exchange/edgeworth_box/edgeworth_box_framework
- https://www.econgraphs.org/graphs/micro/general_equilibrium/edgeworth_gains_from_trade?textbook=varian
- https://www.econgraphs.org/graphs/micro/equilibrium/general_equilibrium/ppf_and_production_functions_linear
- https://www.econgraphs.org/graphs/micro/equilibrium/general_equilibrium/ppf_and_production_functions_sqrt
- https://www.econgraphs.org/graphs/micro/equilibrium/comparative_advantage/two_ppfs_and_supply_and_demand_linear
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: None
- Problem Set #6 is due in class on Wednesday, October 28. After today's class, we will have completed all the material covered on this problem set.
Monday, October 26: Externalities
Externalities and efficiency. Property rights and the Coase Theorem.
Required reading
-
Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Sections 17.1 - 17.3.
Prerecorded lecture
For more background
- Mankiw Economics, Chapter 10.
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: The Grand Banks Fishery. This case examines the tragedy of the commons in fishing and applies to both this class and Wednesday's class on public goods.
- Problem Set #6 is due on Wednesday, October 28.
Wednesday, October 28: Public Goods
Definition and nature of public goods. Efficiency in the provision of public goods. Other economic roles of government.
Required reading
-
Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson, Sections 17.4 and 17.5.
Prerecorded lecture
For more background
- Mankiw, Economics, Chapter 11.
Assigned work
- Problem Set #6 is due today in class.
Friday, October 30: Innovation and Technology
Sources of new technology: invention and innovation. The role of and microeconomic incentives for research and development.
Required reading
Prereorded lecture
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Appropriability and Incentives for Innovation. A discussion of the microeconomics of technological innovation. How does society provide incentives for innovation through protection of intellectual property and other means.
Monday, November 2: Income Distribution
The income distribution implications of general equilibrium. Definitions of equity and equality. Evidence on the U.S. distributions of income, earnings, and wealth. Government policies to transfer income.
Required reading
- Mankiw Economics, Chapter 20.
- Alvaredo, Facundo, Anthony B. Atkinson, Thomas Piketty, and Emmanuel Saez. 2013. "The Top 1 Percent in International and Historical Perspective." Journal of Economic Perspectives 27 (3):3-20.
- Mankiw, N. Gregory. 2013. "Defending the One Percent." Journal of Economic Perspectives 27 (3):21-34.
- Carroll, Daniel R., and Anne Chen. 2016. "Income Inequality Matters, but Mobility Is Just as Important." Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Economic Commentary (2016-06).
Prerecorded lecture
Assigned work
- Case of the day: Okun's Leaky Bucket
5. Macroeconomics
Wednesday, November 4: Introduction to Macroeconomics
[Note: Topically, the second midterm should be today, but it is postponed to Friday due to the distraction of Election Day.]
Relationship of macroeconomics and microeconomics. Objectives of macroeconomic analysis. Major schools of macroeconomic thought.
Required reading
-
Mankiw, N. Gregory, "The Macroeconomist as Scientist and Engineer," Journal of Economic Perspectives 20(4), October 2006, 29-46.
Prerecorded lecture
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: The Great Depression. A short reading about the most dramatic episode in U.S. economic history, and the one that led to the creation of macroeconomics as a discipline.
Friday, November 6: Mid-Term Exam #2
The second mid-term exam will be held in class today. The format will be similar to the first.
Gross domestic product as a measure of economic activity. Price indexes and other macroeconomic variables. Implications of measurement problems.
Required reading
-
Mankiw, N. Gregory, Principles of Macroeconomics, 6th ed., Mason, Ohio: South-Western/Cengage Learning, 2012, Chapters 10 (23) and 11 (24) (hereafter, Mankiw). Note: This book contains the macroeconomics chapters from Principles of Economics. The chapter numbers shown in parentheses in these references are from the longer text.)
Prerecorded lecture
Recommended optional reading
- Landefeld, J. Steven, Eugene P. Seskin, and Barbara Fraumeni, "Taking the Pulse of the Economy: Measuring GDP," Journal of Economic Perspectives 22(2): 193-216, Spring 2008.
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Macroeconomics and Happiness. A short reading and some questions.
Wednesday, November 11: Economic Growth
Basic facts of long-run economic growth.
Required reading
-
Mankiw, Chapter 12 (25).
Prerecorded lecture
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Information Technology and Productivity Growth. A short reading about the revolution in electronic data processing and communication on measured productivity growth, with some questions.
Friday, November 13: Financial System
How financial markets translate saving by households into investment funds for firms. How financial asset markets (are supposed to) work.
Required reading
-
Mankiw, Chapters 13 (26) and 14 (27).
Prerecorded lecture
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Mortgage-Backed Securities and Allocation of Risk. How simple and exotic financial assets allow markets to allocate risk efficiently, and how they made the financial system more fragile.
- Problem Set #7 is due in class on Wednesday, November 18. After today's class we will have covered all of the material on this problem set.
Monday, November 16: Aggregate Labor Market and Unemployment
Aggregate demand for and supply of labor. Kinds of unemployment. Natural vs. cyclical unemployment.
Required reading
-
Mankiw, Chapter 15 (28).
Prerecorded lecture
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Unemployment in Slovakia
- Problem Set #7 is due on Wednesday, November 18.
Wednesday, November 18: Monetary System and Inflation
What money is. The organization of the monetary system and the roles of individuals, banks, and the Federal Reserve System. How the money supply is determined. Money and inflation.
Required reading
-
Mankiw, Chapters 16 (29) and 17 (30).
Prerecorded lecture
- Very long video lecture
- PDF with slides
Assigned work
- Problem Set #7 is due today in class.
Friday, November 20: Aggregate Demand and Supply
An introduction to the workhorse framework that macroeconomists often use to describe short-run movements in the economy.
Required reading
-
Mankiw, Chapter 20 (33).
Prerecorded lecture
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Pandemic and Aggregate Demand and Supply
- Problem Set #8 is due on Wednesday, December 2.
Monday, November 30: Monetary and Fiscal Policy
Effects of government policies on aggregate demand. Use of monetary and fiscal policy to stabilize the economy.
Required reading
-
Mankiw, Chapters 21 (34) and 23 (36).
Prerecorded lecture
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: U.S. Disinflation in 1979-82. How the Federal Reserve reduced inflation from near 10% levels starting in 1979, and the other effects of these policies on the macroeconomy.
- Problem Set #8 is due on Wednesday, December 2.
Wednesday, December 2: Unemployment/Inflation Tradeoffs
The traditional Phillips curve and its modern successors. Appropriate goals for monetary and fiscal policy.
Required reading
-
Mankiw, Chapter 22 (35).
Prerecorded lecture
Assigned work
- Problem Set #8 is due today.
Friday, December 4: The Financial Crisis and the Great Recession
What happened to the financial system in 2008 and why did it have such a great effect on the macroeconomy in the U.S. and elsewhere? What have been the effects have the policymakers' responses to the crisis?
Recommended reading
-
Brunnermeier, Markus K., "Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007-2008," Journal of Economic Perspectives 23 (1), Winter 2009, 77-100.
-
Bernanke, Ben, "Aiding the Economy: What the Fed Did and Why," Washington Post, November 5, 2010.
Prerecorded lecture
Assigned work
- Case of the Day: Monetary and Fiscal Policies in 2008-10. An analysis of the various policies enacted by the federal government and the Federal Reserve to cope with the Great Recession of 2008, including TARP, TALF, and the fiscal stimulus package.
Monday, December 7: To be determined
Final Exam
The final exam will be 9-12 in the morning on Tuesday, December 15.