References

Alcock J. 2005. Animal Behavior. 8th ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Print.

Angelier F, Shaffer SA, Weimerskirch H, Trouvé C, Chastel O. 2007. "Corticosterone and foraging behavior in a pelagic seabird." Phys. Biochem. Zool., 80 : 283–293.

Bicudo JEPW, Buttemer WA, Chapell, MA, Pearson JT, and Bech C. Ecological and Environmental Physiology of Birds. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2010. Print.

Brockmann HJ, Barnard CJ. 1979. "Kleptoparasitism in Birds." Animal Behavior 27. 487-514.

Bulluck LP, Bulluck JF. 2008. "Age-related differences in kleptoparasitic behavior of magnificent frigatebirds." Southeastern Naturalist 7: 19-26.

Clayton N, Emery N. 2005. "Corvid cognition." Current Biology15: R80-R81.

Cunningham GB, Nevitt GA. 2011. “Evidence for olfactory learning in procellariiform seabird chicks.” Journal of Avian Biology. 42:85-88.

Hamilton I. 2002. “Kleptoparasitism and the distribution of unequal competitors.” Behavioral Ecology 13: 260-267.

Hay J. The Great House of Birds: Classic Writings about Birds. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1996. Print.

Iyengar EV. 2008. "Kleptoparasitic interactions throughout the animal kingdom and a re-evaluation, based on participant mobility, of the conditions promoting the evolution of kleptoparasitism." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 93: 745-762.

Jarvis ED, Gunturkun O, Bruce L, Csillag A, Karten H, Kuenzel W, Medina L, Paxinos  G, Perkel DJ, Shimizu T, Striedter G, Wild JM, Ball GF, Dugas-Ford J, Durand SE, Hough GE, Husband S, Kubikova L, Lee DW, Mello CV, Powers A, Siang C, Smulders TV, Wada K, White SA, Yamamoto K, Yu J, Reiner A, Butler AB. 2005. “Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6: 151-159.

Lefebvre L, Whittle P, Lascaris E, Finkelstein A. 1997. "Feeding innovations and forebrain size in birds." Animal Behaviour 53:549-560.

Marr D. 1982. Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information. New York: Freeman. Print.

Morand-Ferron J, Sol D, Lefebvre L. 2007. "Food stealing in birds: brain or brawn?" Animal Behavior. 74: 1725-1734.

"procellariiform." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477677/procellariiform>.

Riechert J, Chastel O, Becker PH. 2012. ”Why do experienced birds reproduce better? Possible endocrine mechanisms in the common tern." General and Comparative Endocrinology. 178:391-399.

Seed A, Emery N, Clayton N. 2009. "Intelligence in Corvids and Apes: A case for Convergent Evolution?"Ethology. 115: 401-420.

Shealer DA, Spendelow JA, Hatfield JS, Nisbet ICT. 2005. "The adaptive significance of stealing in a marine bird and its relationship to parental quality." Behavioral Ecology 16: 371-376.

Sibley CG, Monroe B. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. New Haven, Connecticuit, Yale University Press.

Spear L, Ainley DG. 1993. "Kleptoparasitism by Kermadec Petrels, jaegers, and skuas in the Eastern tropical Pacific - Evidence of mimicry by 2 species of pterodroma." American Ornithologists' Union. Issue 2, pg 222-223.

Tinbergen N. 1963. "On aims and methods of Ethology." Zeitschrift fur tierpsychologie 20: 410-433.

Images References:

Home Page

flickr "Warning: protect your food from seagulls" Accessed 13 Nov 2012. Taken by BlueAndWhiteArmy on March 5 2011. At Kitsilano, False Creek, Granville Island, Vancouver.

Bill Hubick Photography. "The highlight of a fishing (and, of course, birding) trip on San Fransisco bay was an unexpected number of jaegers and their harassment of the abundant elegant terns." Accessed 11 Nov 2012. At San Fransisco Bay, San Fransisco, California. <http://www.billhubick.com/photos/birds/parasitic_jaeger.php>

Phylogeny

Morand-Ferron J, Sol D, Lefebvre L. 2007. "Food stealing in birds: brain or brawn?" Animal Behavior. 74. 1725-1734. "Figure 1: Observed and expected number of kleptoparasitic species in 33 families where kleptoparasitism is present. Expected frequencies are calculated from the total number of species per family. The position of families on the graph reflects their genetic proximity in Sibley and Alquist (1990)."

Jarvis ED, Gunturkun O, Bruce L, Csillag A, Karten H, Kuenzel W, Medina L, Paxinos  G, Perkel DJ, Shimizu T, Striedter G, Wild JM, Ball GF, Dugas-Ford J, Durand SE, Hough GE, Husband S, Kubikova L, Lee DW, Mello CV, Powers A, Siang C, Smulders TV, Wada K, White SA, Yamamoto K, Yu J, Reiner A, Butler AB. “Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution.” 2005. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6: 151-159. "Box 2: Working Hypotheses on Avian and Mammalian Pallial Homologies."

Ontogeny

Villatro, Marina K. "costa-rica-wildlife-magnificent-frigatebird." Accessed 19 November 2012. <http://travelexperta.com/2010/05/10-facts-about-magnificent-frigate-bird-costa-ricas-wildlife.html>

Bulluck LP, Bulluck JF. Age-related differences in kleptoparasitic behavior of magnificent frigatebirds. 2008. Southeastern Naturalist. 7: 19-26. "Figure 1: Proportion of observed adult female (n=13) and sub-adult (n=23) kleptoparasitic attempts occuring in the air, over the ground, and over water for Magnificent Frigatebirds (Frigata magnificans) in the Dry Tortugas, FL."

Cunningham GB, Nevitt GA. 2011. “Evidence for olfactory learning in procellariiform seabird chicks.” Journal of Avian Biology. 42:85-88.

Mechanism

Two Images "Tube-nosed birds" and "Odor feature": Nevitt GA. “Foraging by Seabirds on an Olfactory Landscape.” American Scientist Online. <http://www.americanscientist.org/my_amsci/restricted.aspx?act=pdf&id=3012575913022>

Seed A, Emery N, Clayton N. "Intelligence in Corvids and Apes: A case for Convergent Evolution?" 2009. Ethology. 115: 401-420. "Figure 2."

Adaptive Value

Arkive "Great Skua." Accessed 11 November 2012.<http://www.arkive.org/great-skua/stercorarius-skua/image-G74046.html>.

Shealer DA, Spendelow JA, Hatfield JS, Nisbet ICT. "The adaptive significance of stealing in a marine bird and its relationship to parental quality." Behavioral Ecology 2005, 16: 371-376. "Figure 2."