References

Derrickson, K. C. & Warkentin, I. G. (1991). The Role of Egg-Cepping in the Evolution of Eggshell Removal. The Condor, 93, 757-759.
http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v093n03/p0757-p0759.pdf

Montevecchi, W. A. (1974). Eggshell Removal and Nest Sanitation in Ring Doves. The Wilson Bulletin, 86, 136-143.
http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v086n02/p0136-p0143.pdf

Petit, K. E., Petit, L. J. & Petit, D. R. (1989). Fecal Sac Removal: Do the Pattern and Distance of Dispersal Affect the Chance of Nest Predation? The Condor, 91, 479-482.
http://www.jstor.org/view/00105422/ap040494/04a00330/0

Sandercock, B. K. (1996). Egg-capping and Eggshell Removal by Western and Semipalmated Sandpipers. The Condor, 93, 431-433.
http://www.k-state.edu/bsanderc/1996cond.pdf

Simmons, P. J. & Young, D. (1989). Scope and limitations of neuroethology. In Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour (Second Ed.).  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
http://assets.cambridge.org/052162/7265/excerpt/0521627265_excerpt.pdf

Snodderly, D. M. (1978). Eggshell removal by the laughing gull (Larus atricilla): Normative data and visual preference behaviour. Animal Behaviour, 26, 487-506.
http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v047n02/p0129-p0135.pdf

Sordahl, T. A. (1994). Eggshell Removal Behavior of American Avocets and Black-Necked Stilts. J. Field Ornithol, 65(4), 461-465.
http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v065n04/p0461-p0465.pdf

Thomas, G. H., Wills, M. A. & Szekely, T. (2004). A Supertree Approach to Shorebird Phylogeny. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 4: 28.
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/28

Tinbergen, N. (1963). On Aims and Methods in Ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20, 410-433.

Tinbergen, N. (1972). The Animal in Its World. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: Harvard University Press.

Tinbergen, N. (1972). Functional ethology and the human sciences. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 182, 385-410.
http://www.jstor.org/view/00804649/ap000228/00a00020/0

Image References

Home

Shorebird eggs Image 1:
http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/courses/Ornithology/eggs.jpg

Shorebird eggs Image 2:
http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/wildlife/wildspace/media/habitat/large/BNSTe.jpg

Shorebird eggs Image 3:
http://www.wbur.org/special/dispatches/greenland/media/traillisland/images/17.jpg

Mechanism

Two Black-headed Gull chicks:
http://poland.pl/img/83/41/133.jpg

Colorful eggs:
http://www.mccormick.com/assets/Easter%20Eggs.jpg

Figure 1. Flow diagram demonstrating the early ethological concepts of the mechanisms involved in a simple behavior pattern:
Simmons, P. J. & Young, D. (1989). Scope and limitations of neuroethology. In Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour (Second Ed.).  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
http://assets.cambridge.org/052162/7265/excerpt/0521627265_excerpt.pdf

Ontogeny

Black-headed gull hatching:
www.digitalnature.org/vogels/normerven%20eng.html

Phylogeny

Shorebird phylogeny Trees:
Thomas, G. H., Wills, M. A. & Szekely, T. (2004). A Supertree Approach to Shorebird Phylogeny. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 4: 28.
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/28

Adaptation

Nicholas Tinbergen:
http://www.lifeofgaia.com/images/articoli/tinbergen2.jpg

The Black-Headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) studied by Tinbergen:
file:///Volumes/JEN%20J/Bio%20342%20Animal%20Behavior/BIOBIO/Website/MollyJenniferWebsite_20061122/adaptation.html

American coot and chicks:
http://homepage.mac.com/rstacy/%20images/pages/coots/2001/American_coots_081601D11.jpg

Kittiwakes in their cliff homes:
http://www.homepages.mcb.net/wormwell/Kittiwakes%20at%20Sugarloaf.jpg