References:

Bramble, D.M., & Currier, D.R. (1983). Running and breathing in mammals. Science, 219, 251–256.

Britten, Roy. (2002). Divergence between samples of chimpanzee and human DNA sequences is 5%, counting indels. PNAS. 99(21): 13633-13635.

Brown, T. (1915). Note On the Physiology of The Basal Ganglia and Mid-Brain of the Anthropoid Ape, Especially in Reference to the Act of Laughter.

Grammer, K., & Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1990). The ritualization of laughter. In W.A. Koch (Ed.), Naturlichtkeit der Sprake und der Kulture: Bochumer Beitrage zur Semiotic (pp. 192–214). Bochum, Ger- many: Brockmeyer. Journal of Physiology.

Marina, D., Allcock, B., Thomas, C., Bard, K.A. (2011). Aping Expressions? Chimpanzees produce distinct laughter when responding to laughter of others. Emotion. Vol 11(5), 1013-1020.

Matsusaka, T. (2004). When does play panting occur during social play in wild chimpanzees? Primates, 45, 221–229.

Provine, R. R. (2000). Laughter - A Scientific Investigation. Faber and Faber, London.

Provine, R.R. (1993). Laughter punctuates speech: Linguistic, social and gender contexts of laughter. Ethology, 95, 291–298.

Provine, R.R. (1996). Laughter. American Scientist, 84, 38–45.

Provine, R.R. (2004). Laughing, Tickling, and the Evolution of Speech and Self. Curr. Dirc. in Psych. Science. Vol 13, no.6, 215-218

Provine, R.R., & Fischer, K.R. (1989). Laughing, smiling and talking: Relation to sleeping and social context in humans. Ethology, 83, 295–305.

Provine, R.R., & Yong, Y.L. (1991). Laughter: A stereotyped human vocalization. Ethology, 89, 115–124.

Ross, M.D., Owren, M.J., and Zimmermann E. (2009). Reconstructing the Evolution of Laughter in Great Apes and Humans. Current Biology (Cell Press). Vol 19, issue 13. 1106-1111

Rothbart, M.K. (1973). Laughter in Young Children. Psychological Bulletin. Vol 80(3): 247-256.

Scheiner E., Hammerschmidt K., Jurgens U., Zwirner P. (2002). Acoustic analyses of developmental changes and emotional expression in the preverbal vocalizations of infants. J. Voice. 16(4):509-529.

Sroufe, L. A., and Wunsch, J. P. (1972). The Development of Laughter in the First Year of Life. Child Development, Vol 43, No.4: 1326-1344.

Waller, B.M. & Dunbar R.I.M. (2005). Differential Behavioural Effects of Silent Bared Teeth Display and Relaxed Open Mouth Display in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Etholoy. 111, 129-142.

Wattendorf, E., Westermann, B., Fiedler, K., Kaza, E., Lotze, M., and Celio, M.R. (2012). Exploration of the Neural Correlates of Ticklish Laughter by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Cereb. Cortex. 10.1093

Wild, B., Rodden, F.A., Grodd, W., and Ruch, W. (2003). Neural correlates of laughter and humour. Brain. 126: 2121-2138.

Images:


Human Child and Chimpanzee Laughing together (Home). http://listverse.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/laughing_chimp.jpg. Retrieved 10-11-2012.

Clade relationships between humans and other apes (Phylogeny). http://kevishere.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/primate_family_tree.png. Retrieved 11-19-2012.

Frequency spectra of human and chimpanzee laughter (Phylogeny). Provine, R.R. (1996). Laughter. American Scientist, 84, 38–45.

Primates Bipedalism (Phylogeny). http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/assets/img/our-ability-to-walk/image-03-large.jpg. Retrieved 10-11-2012.

Nucleus Accumbens (Mechanism). http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Circuit_du_syst%C3%A8me_de_recompense.jpg/250px-Circuit_du_syst%C3%A8me_de_recompense.jpg. Retrieved 11-19-2012.

Schematic Sagittal Slice of Chimpanzee Brain (Mechanism). Brown, T. (1915). Note On the Physiology of The Basal Ganglia and Mid-Brain of the Anthropoid Ape, Especially in Reference to the Act of Laughter.

Man and Woman Conversational Laughter (Adaptation). http://db2.stb.s-msn.com/i/5F/8465FA5AE554A63D3EFA80DFF1B8C1.jpg. Retrieved 11-19-2012.

Chimpanzee Infants Wrestling (Adaptation). http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3469/3997857214_7df459c1cb.jpg. Retrieved 11-19-2012.