References

Arnaud, Bertrand et al. “Determinism and plasticity of fish schooling behaviour as exemplified by the South Pacific jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi” [Abstract]. Marine Ecology Progress Series 311 (2006): 145-156.

Doucette, Lisa I. et al. “Rish of predation as a promoting factor of species divergence in threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.)” [Abstract]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 82 (2004): 189-203.

Frommen, Joachim G. et al. “Kin discrimination in sticklebacks is mediated by social learning rather than innate recognition.” Ethology 113 (2007): 276-282.

Gallego, A., and M.R. Heath. "The development of schooling behavior in Atlantic herring Clupea harengus" [Abstract]. Journal of Fish Biology 45 (1994): 569-88.

Kelley, Jennifer L. and Anne E. Magurran. “Learned predator recognition and antipredator responses in fishes.” Fish and Fisheries 4 (2003): 216-226.

Langsdale, JRM. “Developmental changes in the opacity of larval herring, Clupea harengus, and their implications for vulnerability to predation” [Abstract]. Journal of Marine Biologicial Association of the United Kingdom 73 (1993): 225-232.

Masuda, Reiji, and Katsumi Tsukamoto. “School formation and concurrent developmental changes in carangid fish with reference to dietary conditions.” Environmental Biology of Fishes 56 (1999): 243-252.

Nakayama, Shinnosuke et al. “Onset of schooling behavior and social transmission in chub mackerel Scomber japonicus.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61 (2007): 1383-1390.

Parrish, Julia K. et al. “Self-Organized Fish Schools: An Examination of Emergent Properties.” Biological Bulletin 202 (2002): 296-305.

Plath, Martin and Ingo Schlupp. “Parallel evolution leads to reduced shoaling behavior in two cave dwelling populations of Atlantic mollies (Peocilia mexicana, Poeciliidae, Teleostei).” Environmental Biology Fish 82 (2006): 289-297.

Stout, Prentice K. “Fish Schooling.” Rhode Island Sea Grant Fact Sheet. University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography. 20 Oct. 2008 http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/factsheets/schooling.html

Williams, M.A., and C.C. Coutant. “Modification of schooling behavior in larval atherinid fish Atherina mochon by heat exposure of eggs and larvae” [Abstract]. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132 (2003): 638-645.

Roberson, DR, et. al. "Schooling as a Mechanism for Circumventing the Territoriality of Competitors". Ecology 57 (1976): 1208-1220.

Liao, James C, et. al. "Fish Exploiting Vortices Decrease Muscle Activity". Science 302 (2003): 1566-1569.

Wiehs, D. "The Mechanism of Rapid Starting of Slender Fish". Biorheology 10 (1973): 343-50.

Landa, Janet T. "Bioeconomics of schooling fishes: selfish fish, quasi-free riders, and other fishy tales". Environmental Biology of Fishes 53 (2004): 353-364.

Abrahams, M.V. and Colgan, P.W. "Risk of predation, hydrodynamic efficiency and their influence on school structure". Environmental Biology of Fishes 13: 195-202.

Pitcher, T.J. et. al. "A Blind Fish Can School". Science 194 (1976): 963-965.

Griffiths, Siân W. and Magurran, Anne E. "Schooling Decisions in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) Are Based on Familiarity Rather than Kin Recognition by Phenotype Matching". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 45 (1999): 437-443.

Montgomery, J.C. et. al. "Sensory Integration In The Hydrodynamic World of Rainbow Trout". Proceedings: Biological Sciences 270 (2003): S195-S197.

“Why Fish Shoal.” 2002. 2 Nov. 2008 http://www.thatfishshop.com/reference/shoal.htm.