REFERENCES

1. Elfström, M., Zedrosser, A., Støen, O., and Swenson, J.E. Ultimate and proximate mechanisms underlying the occurrence of bears close to human settlements: review and management implications.  Mammal Review, 44(1):5-18

2. Graham, K., Boulanger, J., Duval, J. and Stenhouse, G. (2010) Spatial and temporal use of roads by grizzly bears in west-central Alberta. Ursus, 21(1):43-56

3. Gunther, K. A. and Biel, M. J. (1998) Reducing human-caused black and grizzly bear mortality along roadside corridors in Yellowstone National Park. Bear Management Office: Yellowstone National Park, WY

4. Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team. (2013) 2013 Annual Report Summary. Retrieved on 11/2/2014 from: http://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/files/norock/products/IGBST/2013Summary.pdf

5. Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team.  Mortality Database.  Retrieved on 11/6/2014 from http://nrmsc.usgs.gov/science/igbst/mort

6. Kaczensky, P., Huber, D., Knauer, F., Roth, H., Wagner, A. and Kusak, J. (2005) Activity patterns of brown bears in Slovenia and Croatia. J Zool, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.001114.x

7. Libal, N.S., Belant, J.L.,Leopold, B.D., Wang, G. and Owen, P.A. (2011) Despotism and risk of infanticide influence grizzly bear den site selection. PlosOne, 6(9)

8. McLellan, B.  (2005) Sexually selected infanticide in grizzly bears: the effects of hunting on cub survival. Ursus, 16(2):141-156

9. National Park Service.  Bears and Food Storage.  Retrieved on 11/2/2014 from: http://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/bears.htm

10. National Park Service. Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Retrieved on 11/2/2014 from  http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/ri_2013_ecosystem.pdf

11. Steyaert, S. M., Kindberg, J., Swenson, J. E., and Zedrosser, A.(2013) Male reproductive strategy explains spatiotemporal segregation in brown bears.  J. Anim Ecol, 82(4): 836-845

12. Tree of Life Web Project: Spencer Heffernan.  Ursus arctos horribilis – the Grizzly Bear.  Retrieved on 11/10/2014 from http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=4728

13. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.  Grizzly Bear Fact Sheet  Retrieved on 11/7/2014 from http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/grizzly/grizzly_bear.pdf

14. U.S. Forest Service.  Index of Species Information (Ursus arctos horribilis).  Retrieved  on 11/6/2014 from http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/mammal/urarh/all.html

15. Western Wildlife Outreach. Grizzly Biology & Behavior.  Retrieved on 11/5/2014 from http://westernwildlife.org/grizzly-bear-outreach-project/biology-behavior/

16. Wielgus & Bunnell. (2000) Possible negative effects of adult male mortality on female grizzly bear reproduction. Biological Conservation, 93:145-154

17. Wolff, J.O. and Macdonald, D.W. (2004) Promiscuous females protect their offspring.  Trends Evol Ecol, 19(3):127-34

18. Yellowstone Volunteer Ranger, name unknown (personal communication during a bear-jam, May 30, 2012)

 

Image Credits

a: Retrieved on 11/6/2014 from http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43547575/ns/us_news-environment/t/grand-teton-grizzly-family-causing-bear-jams/

b: Retrieved on 11/6/2014 from http://fedgycc.org/

c: Retrieved on 12/4/2014 from http://www.lovethesepics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/A-momma-grizzly-up-near-Mammoth-Hot-Springs-has-four-cubs-this-year.-It-is-rare-for-a-grizz-to-have-so-many-this-is-only-the-3rd-time-in-park-history-that-this-has-been-documented.jpg

d: Retrieved on 11/1/2014 from http://www.quora.com/Can-you-breed-a-panda-bear-with-a-polar-bear

e:Retrieved on 11/1/2014 from laststandonzombieisland.com/2014/11/07/bear-hunting-in-the-last-frontier/

f: Retrieved on 12/5/2014 from http://www.bear.org/website/live-cameras/slide-shows/brown-grizzly-show.html

g: Retrieved on 12/5/2014 from http://www.nationalparksblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/watch-for-bears-sign.jpg

 

 

 

 

 

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