References

Arenas, A. and W. M. Farina (2012). "Learned olfactory cues affect pollen-foraging preferences in honeybees, Apis mellifera." Animal Behaviour 83(4): 1023-1033.

Behrends, A. and R. Scheiner (2012). "Octopamine improves learning in newly emerged bees but not in old foragers." Journal of Experimental Biology 215(7): 1076-1083.

Brigandt, I (2005). The instinct concept of the early Konrad Lorenz. Journal of the History of Biology 38(3), 571-608.

Chittka, L. (1995). The influences of landmarks and distance estimation of honey bees (vol 50, pg 23, 1995). Animal Behaviour, 50, 1709-1710. Retrieved Dec, from Correction database.


Chittka, L., & Jensen, K. (2011). Animal Cognition: Concepts from Apes to Bees. Current Biology, 21(3), R116-R119. Retrieved Feb, from Editorial Material database.

Hammer, M. and R. Menzel (1995). "Learning and Memory in the Honeybee." Journal of Neuroscience 15(3): 1617-1630.

Lehmann, M., D. Gustav, et al. (2011). "The early bee catches the flower - circadian rhythmicity influences learning performance in honey bees, Apis mellifera." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 65(2): 205-215.

Mc Cabe, S. I., & Farina, W. M. (2010). Olfactory learning in the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini). Journal of Comparative Physiology a-Neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology, 196(7), 481-490. Retrieved Jul, from Article database.

Pankiw, T., & Page, R. E. (2001). Genotype and colony environment affect honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) development and foraging behavior. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 51(1), 87-94. Retrieved Dec, from Article database.

Raffiudin, R., & Crozier, R. H. (2007). Phylogenetic analysis of honey bee behavioral evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43(2), 543-552. Retrieved May, from Article database.

Raine, N.E., & Chittka, L. (2008) The correlation of learning speed and natural foraging success in bumble-bees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 275 (1636), 803-808.

Reichle, C., S. Jarau, et al. (2010). "Recruits of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona pectoralis learn food odors from the nest atmosphere." Naturwissenschaften 97(5): 519-524.

Roselino, A. C., & Hrncir, M. (2012). Repeated unrewarded scent exposure influences the food choice of stingless bee foragers, Melipona scutellaris. Animal Behaviour, 83(3), 755-762. Retrieved Mar, from Article database.

Rossel, S. (1993). NAVIGATION BY BEES USING POLARIZED SKYLIGHT. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology a-Physiology, 104(4), 695-708. Retrieved Apr, from Review database.

Vorel, C. A. and T. L. Pitts-Singer (2010). "The Proboscis Extension Reflex Not Elicited in Megachilid Bees." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 83(1): 80-83.

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Images by Page:

Header Honeycomb Image:
http://www.chrisbyrnes.com/2012/05/04/know-your-honey/

Home Page:

Bee on flower exhibiting PER:
www.mzephotos.com/gallery/insects/honey-bee-proboscis.html
Bee:

Mechanism:

Memory decay graph: Hammer and Menzel 1995
Conditioning of Proboscis Extension Reflex:
abidhussaini.com/info/research/pdh/project-1/honeybee-conditioning

Phylogeny:

Megachilidae rotundata:
http://cymobase.org/cymobase/species_list?char=M
Phylogenetic tree: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790308000547
Learning performance graph: Lehmann, Gustav et al. 2011

Ontogeny:

Bee on flower:
www.flickr.com/photos/robfon/2358526180/in/set-72157602821249418
Emerging bee:
http://www.extension.org/pages/61320/broodmapper:-honey-bee-development-and-citizen-science

Adaptive Value:

Bee on flower:
http://thenextweb.com/asia/2012/09/05/pollenizer-southeast-asia-startups/?fromcat=all&_suid=135241193420104016689653508365

Waggle dance diagram:
http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=387640

Bombs Away!

Many bees in “harnesses”:
https://www.orau.gov/cedr/site-information.aspx#.UJwnCM1zZhM
Bee in harness with q-tip:
www.sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/36333/title/Sting_Operation

References:

Bee exhibiting PER:
www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/lifesci/study/pg/research/currentstudents/hrrial/myresearch/

Video came from Los Alamos National Laboratory